四级语法：非谓语动词的用法

　　1.定义：动词除在句子中作谓语以外，还存在名词、形容词及副词的性质，在句中可作主语、表语、宾语、定语、状语和补语等，这就是动词的非谓语动词的四级语法基本概念。可分为三种：动词不定式、分词跟动名词。

　　2.动词不定式：to + 动词本相(在某些情况下可以不带to )。(不人称跟数的变革，可以有自己的宾语和状语，能够有时态和语态的变更) CopyRight .com

　　○1 一般式：主动语态：to do , 被动语态：to be + 动词过去分词 (表示动作或状态与谓语动词的动作或状态同时发生或之后发生)

　　○2 进行式：主动语态：to be doing , 被动语态：无 (表示动作或状态与谓语动词的动作或状态同时发生) CopyRight .com

　　○3 实现式：自动语态：to have +动词过去分词，被动语态：to have been +动词从前分词 (表示动作或状况在谓语动作之前就产生)

　　○4四级语法用法：

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　　A. 作主语：To learn a foreign language is not easy . = It's not easy to learn a foreign language .

　　B. 作表语：The most important thing is to finish the work on time .

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　　C. 作宾语：

　　a. 动词+to do . He decided to buy a new watch . (agree, choose, want, hope, like, wish, learn, love, plan, try, start, afford …)

　　b. 动词+疑难词+to do I don't know where to put the bike . 内容来自

　　c. 动词+形式宾语(it)+宾补+to do I find it important to learn a second foreign language . CopyRight .com

　　D. 作补语的四级语法： 内容来自

　　a. 动词+宾语+to do Tom asked me to show him the new shoes . (tell, wish, ask, want, like, beg, invite, allow, encourage…)

　　b. 动词+宾语+不带to的动词 He often saw Tom play football .(see, hear, feel, watch, notice, have, make, let…) CopyRight .com

　　E. 作状语： CopyRight .com

　　a. 表示目的：He went to Guangzhou to see his sons . He got up early in order to catch the first bus .

　　b. 表示结果：He is too tired to walk any farther . They aren't old enough to go to school .

　　c. 表示起因：He is sorry to hear that . I am glad to see you .

　　F.作定语： I have something to tell you . I want to buy something to eat .

　　○5 动词不定式to 的省略：

　　A. 在感官动词feel, hear, see, watch, notice 及使役动词have, let, make等后面要省to，但在变被动语态时要还原不定式to。

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　　I often saw him go out of the room .-------- He was often seen to go out of the room by me .

　　B.在had better, would rather, do nothing but等后面常省to。

　　○6 动词不定式的否定形式：not + to do ，有时也可能用-never + to do 结构。 CopyRight .com

　　3.动名词：动词原形+ing 。领有名词、动词一些特点。

　　○1 个别式：自动语态：doing ，被动语态：being + 动词从前分词(表示动作或状态与谓语动词的动作或状态同时发生或之后发生)

　　○2 实现式：主动语态：having +动词过去分词，被动语态：having been +动词过去分词 (表示动作或状态在谓语动词的动作或状态之前就发生)Children enjoy watching animated cartoon . I don't remember having ever seen the film .

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　　○3 动名词的否定形式：not + 动名词(v-ing) I regret not being able to help you .

　　○4 用法：

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　　A. 作主语：

　　a. 动名词作主语如果太长，可以用形式主语it代替。Learning English is very important .--- It's very important to learn English .

　　b. No + 动名词表现"禁止"。四级语法例句：No smoking, No parking .

　　B. 作宾语：He finished doing his homework .

　　C. 作表语：His favourite sport is playing basketball .

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　　D. 作定语：shopping basket, finishing line . (表明名词的用途、功能等) 内容来自

　　E. 动名词的复合构造：名词所有格、形容词物主代词+动名词。Do you mind my / Wei Fang's opening the window ? CopyRight .com

　　4.分词：动词原形+ing 。具备形容词、副词和动词一些特色。(可分为当初分词、过去分词) 内容来自

　　现在分词

　　○1 一般式：主动语态：doing ，被动语态：being + 动词过去分词(表示动作或状态与谓语动词的动作或状态同时发生) 内容来自

　　○2 完成式：主动语态：having +动词过去分词，被动语态：having been +动词过去分词 (表示动作或状态在谓语动词的动作或状

　　态之前就发生)

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　　○3 动名词的否认情势：not + 动名词(v-ing) No understanding the meaning of the words, he couldn't explain the sentence .

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　　○4 用法： 内容来自

　　A. 作表语。The result is surprising . 内容来自

　　B. 作定语。Developing country (主谓关系) sleeping boy (boy 所做的动作)

　　C. 作状语。Passing by the house, he saw a girl playing the piano . = when he was passing by the house , he saw a girl playing the piano .

　　D. 作宾补。I found him lying on the grass.

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　　过去分词

　　○1 形式：规则动词+ed，和不规矩动词的过去分词。

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　　○2 过去分词的否定形式：not + 动词过去分词。 内容来自

　　○3 用法：

　　A. 作表语：My bike is broken . He is very worried .

　　B. 作定语的四级语法：developed country, fallen leaves, spoken English .

　　C. 作状语：Asked why he was absent, he said he was ill . = When he was asked why he was absent, he said he was ill . CopyRight .com

　　D. 作宾补：You had better have your shoes mended . I had my hair cut yesterday .

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