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过去完成时的英语在线学习

线话英语|2015-05-11 16:25:43

  一、过去完成时的概念与构造特点

  概念:过去完成时表现在过去某一时光或动作之前已经产生或完成了的动作,英语在线学习即"过去的过去( past-in-the-past )"。

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  那时以前           那时                      现在      

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  形成:过去完成时由"助动词 had + 过去分词"构成,其中 had 通用于各种人称。  

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  They had already had breakfast before they arrived at the hotel.

 

 

  She had finished writing the composition by 10 :00 this morning.

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  二、过去完成时的断定依据

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  1. 由时间状语来判定 内容来自

  一般说来,各种时态都有特定的时间状语。英语在线学习与过去完成时连用的时间状语有:

  ( 1 ) by + 过去的时间点。

 

 

  如: I had finished reading the novel by nine o'clock last night.  CopyRight .com

  ( 2 ) by the end of + 过去的时间点。

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  如: We had learned over two thousand English words by the end of last term. CopyRight .com

  ( 3 ) before + 过去的时间点。 CopyRight .com

  如: They had planted six hundred trees before last Wednesday. 内容来自

  2. 由"过去的过去"来判断。

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  过去完成时表示"过去的过去",是指过去某一动作之前已经发生或完成的动作,即动作有先后关系,动作在前的用过去完成时,在后的用畸形过去时。这种用法常出现在:

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  ( 1 )宾语从句中

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  当宾语从句的主句为个别过去时,且从句的动作先于主句的动作时,从句要用从前实现时。英语在线学习在told, said, knew, heard, thought等动词后的宾语从句。如: CopyRight .com

  She said that she had seen the film before. 

  ( 2 )状语从句中 

 

 

  在时间、条件、起因、方式等状语从句中,主、从句的动作发生有先后关联,动作在前的,要用过去完成时,动作在后的要用正常过去时。如:

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  When I got to the station, the train had already left.

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  After he had finished his homework, he went to bed.

  留神: before, after 引导的时间状语从句中,因为 before 和 after 本身已表白了动作的先后关系,若主、从句表示的动作周密相连,则主、从句都用一般过去时。如:

  Where did you study before you came here?

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  After he closed the door, he left the classroom. 内容来自

  ( 3 )表示动向的动词,如hope, wish, expect, think, intend, mean, suppose等,用过去完成时表示"原本…,未能…"

  We had hoped that you would come, but you didn't.

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  3. 根据上、下文来断定。

 

 

  I met Wang Tao in the street yesterday. We hadn't seen each other since he went to Beijing.

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  三、过去完成时的主要用法 

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  1. 过去完成时表示一个动作或状况在过去某一时间或动作之前已经完成或结束,即发生在"过去的过去"的英语在线学习。如:

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  When I woke up, it had stopped raining. 内容来自

  我醒来时,雨已经停了。(主句的动作发生在"过去的过去") CopyRight .com

  2. 过去完成时是一个绝对的时态,表示的是"过去的过去",只有跟过去某一时间或某一动作相比拟时才使用它。如: 内容来自

  He told me that he had written a new book. (had written 发生在 told 之前 )

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  3. 过去完成时需要与一个表示过去的时间状语连用,它不能离开过去时间而独破存在。此时多与 already , yet , still , just , before , never 等时间副词及 by , before , until 等勾引的短语或从句连用。

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  如:Before she came to China, Grace had taught English in a middle school for about five years. 

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  Peter had collected more than 300 Chinese stamps by the time he was ten.

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  4. 英语在线学习过去完成时表示某一动作或状态在过去某时之前已经开始,始终连续到这一过去时间,而且动作尚未停止,仍然有继续下去的可能。 CopyRight .com

  如: By the end of last year, he had worked in the factory for twenty years.      ( had worked 已有了 20 年,还有连续进行下去的可能)

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  四、从前实现时与当初完成时的差别

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  现在完成时表示的动作发生在过去,但侧重对现在发生的结果或造成的影响,与当初有关,其结构为"助动词 have (has) + 过去分词";过去完成时则是一个相对的时态,它所表示的动作不仅发生在过去,更强调"过去的过去",只有跟过去某时或某动作比较较时,才用到它。试相比:

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  I have learned 1000 English words so far. 内容来自

  到目前为止我已经学会了 1000 个英语单词。

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  I had learned 1000 English words till then.

 

 

  到那时为止我已经学会了 1000 个英语单词。

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  - I'm sorry to keep you waiting. 对不起,让你久等了。

 

 

  - Oh, not at all. I have been here only a few minutes. 内容来自

  没什么,我只等了多少分钟。(英语在线学习注意"等"的动作从过去某一时间点持续到现在) 内容来自

  - John returned home yesterday. 约翰昨天回到家的。

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  - Where had he been?

  他去哪儿了?(答语中应用过去完成时是指约翰在 returned home 之前去了哪些地方,即"过去的过去")


五、过去完成时与普通过去时的差异

  诚然这两种时态都表示过去发生的动作或存在的状态,但在利用时应留心以下多少点: 

 

 

  1. 时间状语不同:过去完成时在时间上强调"过去的过去";而一般过去时只强调过去某一特定的时间。试比较:

  They had arrived at the station by ten yesterday.

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  They arrived at the station at ten yesterday.

 

 

  2. 在不清楚的过去时间状语作标志时,谓语动词动作发生的时间先后须依据高下文来断定:先发生的用过去完成时,后发生的则用一般过去时。英语在线学例句如:

  She was very happy. Her whole family were pleased with her, too. She had just    won the first in the composition competition.

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  3. 当两个或两个以上接连发生的动作用 and 或 but 连接时,按时间顺序,只有用个别过去时来代替过去完成时;另外,在 before , after , as soon as 领导的从句中,由于这些连词自身已经表示出时间的先后,因此也可能用过去时来取代过去完成时。如:

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  He entered the room, turned on the light and read an evening paper. CopyRight .com

  I (had) called her before I left the offi

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