现在分词和过去分词的四级语法

　　现在分词跟过去分词四级语法初主要差别在于：现在分词表示“自动和进行”，过去分词表示“被动和实现”(不迭物动词的过去分词不表示被动，只表示完成)。分词可以有自己的状语、宾语或逻辑主语等。　

　　1. 分词作状语分词在句子中作状语，能够表现时间、条件、起因、结果（补充阐明）、让步、随同等。分词做状语时，它的逻辑主语与句子的主语一致。作状语的分词相当于一个状语从句。　　

　　【例】 Hearing the news, they all jumped with joy.

　　Using what you know of word stems and word formations, you can make a guess at the meaning of a new word. 内容来自

　　The students went out of the classroom, laughing and talking. CopyRight .com

　　Accompanied by his friend, he went to the railway station. Given better attention, the plants could grow better. 内容来自

　　He looked tired and depressed, visibly disturbed by the news of his mother's illness.　　

　　分词在句子中作状语，利用何种分词，要取决于分词与句子主语的关系：主谓关联用当初分词，动宾或被动关系用从前分词四级语法。　　

　　【例】 Not shavings enough hands, we turned to them for help.(we don't have enough hands)　　

　　Taught by mistakes and setbacks, we have become wiser and handled our affairs better. (we are taught/teach us) 内容来自

　　Inspired by Leifeng, the people in China worked very hard to achieve their modernization. CopyRight .com

　　____the earth to be flat, many feared that Columbus would fall off the edge. (CET-4 1996,6)

　　A) Having believed   B) Believing  C) Believed  D) Being believed 内容来自

　　本四级语法考点句子意思为：信赖地球是平的，良多人担心哥伦布会从边上掉下去。很多人与信任之间是主谓关系，及分词与主语之间为主谓关系。　　 内容来自

　　No matter how frequently ____, the works of Beethoven always attract large audiences. (CET-4 1995, 6) CopyRight .com

　　A)   performing   B) performed   C) to be performed   D) being performed

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　　本句中贝多芬的作品被反复表演，可见分词与句子的主语之间是被动关系，应该用过去分词，故答案为B.

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　　____as it was at such a time, his work attracted much attention. (CET-4 1996,1)　　A) Being published B) Published C) Publishing D) To be published　　

　　2)“while ( when, once, until, if , though等连词)＋分词”结构现在分词或过去分词作状语时，有时可以在分词前加while，when, once, although, until, if等连词。　　 内容来自

　　【例如】When leaving the airport, she waved again and again to us.

　　While waiting for the train, I had a long talk with my sister about her work.　　

　　2. 分词作定语分词作定语时，单个的分词通常放在被修饰的名词之前，分词短语个别置于所修饰的中心词后面。现在分词修饰的是发出该动作的名词(与名词有主谓关系)，过去分词润饰承受该动作的名词(与名词是动宾关系)。　　

　　【四级语法考点例如】This is really an exhausting day to all of us!

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　　 We can see the part of the moon lighted by sunlight.

　　 After a night spent in excitement and sleeplessness, I forced myself to take a long walk along the beach the next day. CopyRight .com

　　More and more developing countries established strategic partnership with developed countries. 内容来自

　　The young sitting between my sister and my brother is my cousin Jack.

　　3. 分词作宾语补足语现在分词在see, watch, hear, observe, notice, feel, find, glimpse, glance等感官动词跟look at, listen to等短语动词以及have, keep, get, catch, leave, set, start, send等使役动词后面与名词或代词构成复合宾语，作宾语补语的成分。　　 内容来自

　　【例如】On the top of the hill, we could see smoke rising from the chimneys in the village. CopyRight .com

　　 The boy sat beside the railway line and watched the trains roaring by.

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　　We should not leave him wondering what he should do.　　 CopyRight .com

　　I am sorry to have kept you waiting for such a long time.

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　　I caught him doing something else in class.　 CopyRight .com

　　4. 从前分词可能在allow, ask, consider, desire, expect, feel, find, get, have, hear, imagine, keep, like, make, observe, order, permit, prefer, remember, request, require, see, urge动词等后面作宾语补足语。　　

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　　【例如】You should keep her informed of what is going on here.

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　　I expected you well prepared for the examination. 内容来自

　　在动词see, hear, feel, watch, notice，perceive，observe, listen to, look at后既可用现在分词做补语,也可用不定式做补语。用现在分词表示动作正在进行,用不定式表示的动作的全过程已经实现。

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　　【例】I saw Mr. White get off a bus.

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　　 I saw Mr. White looking into a shop window.

　　——Do you hear someone knocking at the door? CopyRight .com

　　——Yes, I did. I heard him knock three times.

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　　 5. 分词作表语分词作表语通常看作形容词来用。当初分词表示主语的性质，而且主语多为物；过去分词表示主语的心理感想或状态，主语多为人的四级英语。 内容来自

　　【例】The film “Harry Potter” is really exciting, and I am excited about it.

　　 His response to the question was quite disappointing. I really felt ______ at his response.

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