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高中英语自学定语从句知识和用法概述

线话英语|2015-05-11 16:38:29

I 关系代词引导的定语从句

  关系代词所代替的先行词是人或物的名词或代词,并在句中充当主语、宾语、定语等成分。关系代词在定语从句中作主语时,从句谓语动词的人称和数要和先行词坚持一致高中英语自学点。

 

 

1)who, whom, that
  这些词代替的先行词是人的名词或代词,在从句中作主语和宾语。例如:
  Is he the man who/that wants to see you? 他就是你想见的人吗?(who/that在从句中作主语)

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   He is the man whom/ that I saw yesterday. 他就是我昨天见的那个人。(whom/that在从句中作宾语)

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2) whose 用来指人或物,(只用作定语, 若指物,它还可以同of which互换)。例如:

 

 

   They rushed over to help the man whose car had broken down. 那人车坏了,大家都跑从前帮忙。

 

 

   Please pass me the book whose (of which) cover is green. 请递给我那本绿皮的书。

 

 

3)which, that所代替的先行词是事物的名词或代词,在从句中可作主语、宾语等。例如:

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  A prosperity which / that had never been seen before appears in the countryside.

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 乡村出现了前所未有的繁华。(which / that在句中作宾语)

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  The package (which / that)you are carrying is about to come unwrapped. 你拿的包快散了。(which / that在句中作宾语)
 
II. 关系副词引导的定语从句的高中英语自学知识点

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  关系副词可代替的先行词是时间、地点或理由的名词,在从句中作状语。

1)关系副词when, where, why的含意相称于"介词+ which"结构,因而经常和"介词+ which"结构交替应用。例如: CopyRight .com

   There are occasions when (on which) one must yield. 任何人都有不得不屈服的时候。 内容来自

   Beijing is the place where(in which) I was born. 北京是我的出生地。 内容来自

   Is this the reason why (for which) he refused our offer? 这就是他拒绝咱们帮助他的理由吗?

 

 

2)that代替关系副词,可以用于表现时间、地点、方式、理由的名词后取代when, where, why和"介词+ which"引导的定语从句,在口语中that常被省略。例如: 内容来自

   His father died the year (that / when / in which) he was born. 他父亲在他出生那年逝世了。 内容来自

   He is unlikely to find the place (that / where / in which) he lived forty years ago. 他不大可能找到他四十年前居住过的地方。
 
III.判定关系代词与关系副词

 

 

   方法一: 用关系代词,还是关系副词完全取决于从句中的谓语动词。及物动词后面无宾语,就必需要求用关系代词;而不迭物动词则恳求用关系副词。例如: 内容来自

   This is the mountain village where I stayed last year. 这是我去年呆过的山村。

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   I'll never forget the days when I worked together with you.我永远不会忘却与你共事的日子。 内容来自

   判断改错: CopyRight .com

  (错) This is the mountain village where I visited last year.

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  (错) I will never forget the days when I spent in the countryside. CopyRight .com

  (对) This is the mountain village (which) I visited last year. CopyRight .com

  (对) I'll never forget the days (which) I spent in the countryside. CopyRight .com

  习惯上总把表地点或时光的名词与关系副词 where, when接洽在一起。此两题错在关系词的误用上。 内容来自

   方法二: 正确判断先行词在定语从句中的成分(主、谓、宾、定、状),也能正确决定出关系代词/关系副词的高中英语自学方法。 CopyRight .com

例1. Is this museum ___ you visited a few days age?

 

 

     A. where B. that  C. on which  D. the one

 

 

例2. Is this the museum ____ the exhibition was held.

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     A. where B. that  C. on which  D. the one
答案:例1 D,例2 A CopyRight .com

例1变为肯定句: This museum is ___ you visited a few days ago.

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例2变为确定句: This is the museum ___ the exhibition was held. 内容来自

  在句1中,所缺局部为宾语,而where, that, on which都不能起到宾语的作用,只有the one既做了主句的表语,又可做从句的宾语,能够省略关联代词,所以应选D。

  而句2中, 主、谓、宾俱全,从句部分为句子的状语表地点,既可用副词where,又因 in the museum词组,可用介词in + which 引导地点状语。而此题中,介词on 用的过错,所以选A。 内容来自

  关系词的选择根据在从句中所做的成分,先行词在从句中做主、定、宾语时,选择关系代词(who, whom, that, which, whose); 先行词在从句中做状语时,应挑选关系副词 ( where 地点状语,when 时间状语,why 原因状语) 。
 
IV. 限制性和非限制性定语从句

1) 定语从句有限度性跟非制约性两种。限度性定语从句是先行词不可缺少的部分,去掉它主句意思往往不清楚;非制约性定语从句是先行词的附加说明,去掉了也不会影响主句的意思,它与主句之间通常用逗号分开。例如:

   This is the house which we bought last month. 这是我们上个月买的那幢房子。(限制性) 内容来自

   The house, which we bought last month, is very nice.这幢房子很漂亮,是我们上个月买的。(非限制性) 内容来自

2) 当先行词是专有名词或物主代词和教唆代词所润饰时,其后的定语从句通常是非限制性的。高中英语自学例如:

内容来自

 

   Charles Smith, who was my former teacher, retired last year. 查理?史密斯去年退休了,他曾经是我的老师。 CopyRight .com

   My house, which I bought last year, has got a lovely garden. 我去年买的的那幢屋子带着个美丽的花园。 CopyRight .com

   This novel, which I have read three times, is very touching. 这本小说很动人,我已经读了三遍。

内容来自

 

3) 非限制性定语从句还能将整个主句作为先行词, 对其进行修饰, 这时从句谓语动词要用第三人称单数。例如:

 

 

   He seems not to have grasped what I meant, which greatly upsets me. 他似乎没捉住我的意思,这使我心烦。

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   Liquid water changes to vapor, which is called evaporation. 液态水变为蒸汽,这就叫做蒸发。

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阐明:关系代词that和关系副词why不能引导非限制性定语从句。
 
V. 介词+关系词 内容来自

1)介词后面的关系词不能省略。

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2)that前不能有介词。 内容来自

3)某些在从句中充任时间,地点或起因状语的"介词+关系词"构造可以同关系副词when 和where 调换。例如: CopyRight .com

  This is the house in which I lived two years ago. 这是我两年前住过的房子。

 

 

  This is the house where I lived two years ago. CopyRight .com

  Do you remember the day on which you joined our club? 还记得你加入我们俱乐部的那一天吗?

 

 

  Do you remember the day when you joined our club?
 
VI. as, which 非限定性定语从句

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  高中英语自学由as, which 引导的非限定性定语从句,as和which可代整个主句,相称于and this或and that。As个别放在句首,which在句中。例如:

内容来自

 

  As we know, smoking is harmful to one's health. 如我们所知,抽烟有害健康。 CopyRight .com

  The sun heats the earth, which is very important to us. 太阳使地球暖起来,这对我们人类很重要。 CopyRight .com

典范例题  内容来自

1)Alice received an invitation from her boss, ___came as a surprise.

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A. it  B. that  C. which  D. he 内容来自

     谜底C. 此为非限定性从句,不能用 that修饰,而用which.,it 和he 都使后
句成为句子,两个独破的句子不能单以逗号衔接。况且选he句意不通。 内容来自

2)The weather turned out to be very good, ___ was more than we could expect.

 

 

A. what B. which C. that D. it 内容来自

     答案B。which可代替句子,用于非限定性定语从句,而what不可。That 不能用于非限定性定语从句,it不为连词,使由逗号连接的两个句子并在一起在英语语法上行不通。

3)It rained hard yesterday, ____ prevented me from going to the park..

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A. that B. which  C. as  D. it

     答案B. as 和which在引导非限制性定语从句时,这两个关系代词都指主句所表白的整个意思,且在定语从句中都可以作主语和宾语。但不同之处主要有两点: CopyRight .com

(1)as 引导的定语从句可置于句首,而which不可。 内容来自

(2) as 代表前面的整个主句并在从句中作主语时,从句中的谓语必须是系动词;若为行为动词,则从句中的关系代词只能用which.。在本题中,prevent因为是举动动词,所以正确选项应为B。 内容来自

as 的用法

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例1. the same…as;such…as 中的as 是一种固定结构, 和……一样……。例如:
    I have got into the same trouble as he (has). 我碰到了跟他一样的麻烦。 内容来自

例2. as可引导非限制性从句,常带有'正如'。例如:

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     As we know, smoking is harmful to one's health. 如我们所知,吸烟有害健康。

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     As is known, smoking is harmful to one's health.

 

 

      As是关系代词。例1中的as作know的宾语;例2中,它充当从句的主语,谓语动词know要用被动式。
 
VII. 先行词和关系词二合一 CopyRight .com

 1) Whoever spits in public will be punished here. (Whoever 可以用 anyone who 代替)

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 2) The parents will use what they have to send their son to technical school.(what 可以用all that取代)
 
VIII. what/whatever; that/what; who/whoever 

 

 

1)what = the thing which;whatever = anything。例如:

 

 

   What you want has been sent here. 你要的动词都送来了。

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   Whatever you want makes no difference to me. 不管你要什么,跟我没什么关系。 CopyRight .com

2) who= the person that  whoever= anyone who。例如:

 

 

   (错)Who breaks the law will be punished. 内容来自

   (错)Whoever robbed the bank is not clear.

 

 

   (对)Whoever breaks the law will be punished. 王子犯罪,与嫡民同罪。

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   (对)Who robbed the bank is not clear. 谁抢了银行还不明确。

3) that 和 what 

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  当that引导定语从句时,通常用作关系代词,而勾引名词性从句时,是个不充当
任何成分的连接词。宾语从句和表语从句中的that常可省略。What只能引导名词性从句,用作连接代词,作从句的具体成分,且不能省略。例如:

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  I think(that)you will like the stamps. 我想你会爱好这些邮票的。

  What we need is more practice. 我们须要的是更多的实际。
 
IX. 关系代词that 的用法 CopyRight .com

1)不用that的情况的高中英语自学

   a) 引导非限定性定语从句时。例如: 内容来自

    (错)The tree, that is four hundred years old, is very famous here.

 

 

   b) 介词后不能用。例如: 内容来自

     We depend on the land from which we get our food. 我们依附土地失掉食品。 内容来自

     We depend on the land that/which we get our food from.

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2) 只能用that作为定语从句的关系代词的情形

 

 

   a) 在there be 句型中,只用that,不用which。

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   b) 在不定代词,如:anything, nothing, the one, all, much, few, any,
little等作先行词时,只用that,不用which。

   c) 先行词有the only, the very修饰时,只用that。 
 
d) 先行词为序数词、数词、形容词最高等时,只用that。

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   e) 先行词既有人,又有物时。例如: 内容来自

     All that is needed is a supply of oil. 所需的只是供油问题。

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        Finally, the thief handed everything that he had stolen to the police. 那贼最终把偷的全部东西交给了警察。
I 关系代词引导的定语从句 内容来自

  关系代词所代替的先行词是人或物的名词或代词,并在句中充当主语、宾语、定语等成分。关系代词在定语从句中作主语时,从句谓语动词的人称和数要和先行词保持一致。

1)who, whom, that
  这些词代替的先行词是人的名词或代词,在从句中作主语和宾语。例如:
  Is he the man who/that wants to see you? 他就是你想见的人吗?(who/that在从句中作主语) 内容来自

   He is the man whom/ that I saw yesterday. 他就是我昨天见的那个人。(whom/that在从句中作宾语) CopyRight .com

2) whose 用来指人或物,(只用作定语, 若指物,它还可以同of which互换)。例如:

内容来自

 

   They rushed over to help the man whose car had broken down. 那人车坏了,大家都跑从前帮忙。 内容来自

   Please pass me the book whose (of which) cover is green. 请递给我那本绿皮的书。 CopyRight .com

3)which, that所代替的先行词是事物的名词或代词,在从句中可作主语、宾语等。例如:

内容来自

 

  A prosperity which / that had never been seen before appears in the countryside.

 城市浮现了前所未有的繁荣。(which / that在句中作宾语)

内容来自

 

  The package (which / that)you are carrying is about to come unwrapped. 你拿的包快散了。(which / that在句中作宾语)
 
II. 关系副词引导的定语从句 内容来自

  关系副词可代替的先行词是时间、地点或理由的名词,在从句中作状语。 内容来自

1)关系副词when, where, why的含意相当于"介词+ which"结构,因此常常和"介词+ which"结构交替利用。例如:

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   There are occasions when (on which) one must yield. 任何人都有不得不屈从的时候。

内容来自

 

   Beijing is the place where(in which) I was born. 北京是我的出身地。 CopyRight .com

   Is this the reason why (for which) he refused our offer? 这就是他谢绝我们援助他的理由吗? CopyRight .com

2)that代替关系副词,可以用于表示时间、地点、办法、理由的名词后辈替when, where, why和"介词+ which"引导的定语从句,在书面语中that常被省略。高中英语自学例如:

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   His father died the year (that / when / in which) he was born. 他父亲在他诞生那年去世了。

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   He is unlikely to find the place (that / where / in which) he lived forty years ago. 他不大可能找到他四十年前居住过的处所。
 
III.断定关系代词与关系副词 内容来自

   方式一: 用关系代词,仍是关系副词完整取决于从句中的谓语动词。及物动词后面无宾语,就必须要求用关系代词;而不迭物动词则请求用关系副词。例如:

 

 

   This is the mountain village where I stayed last year. 这是我去年呆过的山村。 CopyRight .com

   I'll never forget the days when I worked together with you.我永远不会忘记与你共事的日子。

内容来自

 

   判断改错: 内容来自

  (错) This is the mountain village where I visited last year. CopyRight .com

  (错) I will never forget the days when I spent in the countryside. 内容来自

  (对) This is the mountain village (which) I visited last year. 内容来自

  (对) I'll never forget the days (which) I spent in the countryside.

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  习惯上总把表地点或时间的名词与关系副词 where, when联系在一起。此两题错在关系词的误用上。

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   高中英语自学措施二: 准确断定先行词在定语从句中的成分(主、谓、宾、定、状),也能正确取舍出关系代词/关系副词。

 

 

例1. Is this museum ___ you visited a few days age?

     A. where B. that  C. on which  D. the one

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例2. Is this the museum ____ the exhibition was held.

 

 

     A. where B. that  C. on which  D. the one
答案:例1 D,例2 A

例1变为肯定句: This museum is ___ you visited a few days ago.

 

 

例2变为断定句: This is the museum ___ the exhibition was held.

 

 

  在句1中,所缺部分为宾语,而where, that, on which都不能起到宾语的作用,只有the one既做了主句的表语,又可做从句的宾语,可以省略关系代词,所以应选D。 CopyRight .com

  而句2中, 主、谓、宾俱全,从句部门为句子的状语表地点,既可用副词where,又因 in the museum词组,可用介词in + which 引导地点状语。而此题中,介词on 用的错误,所以选A。

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  关系词的筛选依据在从句中所做的成分,先行词在从句中做主、定、宾语时,取舍关系代词(who, whom, that, which, whose); 先行词在从句中做状语时,应抉择关系副词 ( where 地点状语,when 时间状语,why 原因状语) 。
 
IV. 限制性和非限制性定语从句 内容来自

1) 定语从句有限制性和非限制性两种。限制性定语从句是先行词不可缺乏的部分,去掉它主句意思往往不明白;非限制性定语从句是先行词的附加解释,去掉了也不会影响主句的意思,它与主句之间通常用逗号离开。例如:

   This is the house which we bought last month. 这是我们上个月买的那幢房子。(限制性)

 

 

   The house, which we bought last month, is very nice.这幢房子很俊秀,是我们上个月买的。(非限制性)

内容来自

 

2) 当先行词是专著名词或物主代词和领导代词所修饰时,其后的定语从句通常长短限制性的。例如: 内容来自

   Charles Smith, who was my former teacher, retired last year. 查理?史密斯去年退休了,他曾经是我的老师。

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   My house, which I bought last year, has got a lovely garden. 我去年买的的那幢房子带着个英俊的花园。

   This novel, which I have read three times, is very touching. 这本小说很动听,我已经读了三遍。

3) 非限制性定语从句还能将全部主句作为先行词, 对其进行修饰, 这时从句谓语动词要用第三人称单数。例如: 内容来自

   He seems not to have grasped what I meant, which greatly upsets me. 他好像没抓住我的意思,这使我心烦。

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   Liquid water changes to vapor, which is called evaporation. 液态水变为蒸汽,这就叫做蒸发。

说明:关系代词that和关系副词why不能引诱非限制性定语从句。
 
V. 介词+关系词 内容来自

1)介词后面的关系词不能省略。

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2)that前不能有介词。

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3)某些在从句中充当时间,地点或起因状语的"介词+关系词"结构可以同关系副词when 和where 更换。例如:

  This is the house in which I lived two years ago. 这是我两年前住过的房子。

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  This is the house where I lived two years ago.

 

 

  Do you remember the day on which you joined our club? 还记得你参加我们俱乐部的那一天吗? CopyRight .com

  Do you remember the day when you joined our club?
 
VI. as, which 非限定性定语从句的高中英语自学

  由as, which 领导的非限定性定语从句,as跟which可代全部主句,相称于and this或and that。As一般放在句首,which在句中。例如:

 

 

  As we know, smoking is harmful to one's health. 如我们所知,吸烟有害健康。

内容来自

 

  The sun heats the earth, which is very important to us. 太阳使地球暖起来,这对我们人类很重要。

内容来自

 

典型例题  内容来自

1)Alice received an invitation from her boss, ___came as a surprise.

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A. it  B. that  C. which  D. he

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     答案C. 此为非限定性从句,不能用 that修饰,而用which.,it 和he 都使后
句成为句子,两个独破的句子不能单以逗号连接。况且选he句意不通。

 

 

2)The weather turned out to be very good, ___ was more than we could expect.

A. what B. which C. that D. it

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     答案B。which可代替句子,用于非限定性定语从句,而what不可。That 不能用于非限定性定语从句,it不为连词,使由逗号连接的两个句子并在一起在英语语法上行不通。

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3)It rained hard yesterday, ____ prevented me from going to the park..

A. that B. which  C. as  D. it

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     答案B. as 和which在引导非限制性定语从句时,这两个关系代词都指主句所抒发的整个意思,且在定语从句中都可以作主语和宾语。但不同之处主要有两点:

(1)as 引导的定语从句可置于句首,而which不可。 CopyRight .com

(2) as 代表前面的整个主句并在从句中作主语时,从句中的谓语必需是系动词;若为行动动词,则从句中的关系代词只能用which.。在本题中,prevent由于是行为动词,所以准确选项应为B。 CopyRight .com

as 的用法

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例1. the same…as;such…as 中的as 是一种固定结构, 和……一样……。例如:
    I have got into the same trouble as he (has). 我遇到了跟他一样的麻烦。 CopyRight .com

例2. as可引导非限制性从句,常带有'正如'。例如:

 

 

     As we know, smoking is harmful to one's health. 如我们所知,吸烟有害健康。

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     As is known, smoking is harmful to one's health. 内容来自

      As是关系代词。例1中的as作know的宾语;例2中,它充当从句的主语,谓语动词know要用被动式。
 
VII. 先行词和关系词二合一

 1) Whoever spits in public will be punished here. (Whoever 可能用 anyone who 代替)

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 2) The parents will use what they have to send their son to technical school.(what 可以用all that代替)
 
VIII. what/whatever; that/what; who/whoever 

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1)what = the thing which;whatever = anything。例如:

   What you want has been sent here. 你要的动词都送来了。

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   Whatever you want makes no difference to me. 无论你要什么,跟我没什么关系。 内容来自

2) who= the person that  whoever= anyone who。例如:

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   (错)Who breaks the law will be punished. 内容来自

   (错)Whoever robbed the bank is not clear.

   (对)Whoever breaks the law will be punished. 王子犯法,与庶民同罪。

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   (对)Who robbed the bank is not clear. 谁抢了银行还不清楚。 内容来自

3) that 和 what  CopyRight .com

  当that引导定语从句时,通常用作关系代词,而引导名词性从句时,是个不充当
任何成分的连接词。宾语从句和表语从句中的that常可省略。What只能引导名词性从句,用作连接代词,作从句的详细成分,且不能省略。例如: CopyRight .com

  I think(that)you will like the stamps. 我想你会喜好这些邮票的。 CopyRight .com

  What we need is more practice. 我们需要的是更多的实际。
 
IX. 关系代词that 的用法

 

 

1)不用that的情况

 

 

   a) 引导非限定性定语从句时。例如: CopyRight .com

    (错)The tree, that is four hundred years old, is very famous here.

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   b) 介词后不能用。例如:

     We depend on the land from which we get our food. 咱们依靠土地获得食物。 内容来自

     We depend on the land that/which we get our food from.

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2) 只能用that作为定语从句的关系代词的情况 CopyRight .com

   a) 在there be 句型中,只用that,不用which。 CopyRight .com

   b) 在不定代词,如:anything, nothing, the one, all, much, few, any,
little等作先行词时,只用that,不必which。

 

 

   c) 先行词有the only, the very修饰时,只用that。 
 
d) 先行词为序数词、数词、形容词最高级时,只用that。

 

 

   e) 先行词既有人,又有物时。高中英语自学例如:

     All that is needed is a supply of oil. 所需的只是供油问题。 内容来自

        Finally, the thief handed everything that he had stolen to the police. 那贼终极把偷的全体东西交给了警察。

高中英语自学

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