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线话语法讲堂：虚拟语气

线话英语|2015-05-11 16:44:19

　　一、语气的定义和品种

　　l、语气：语气是动词的一种形式，它表示说话人对某一举动或事件的看法和立场。

　　2、语气的种类：内容来自

　　(1)陈述语气: 表示动作或状态是事实的、判断的或合乎事实的，用于陈述句、疑难句和某些感叹句。如：We are not ready. 我们没准备好。What a fine day it is!多好的景象啊!

　　(2)祈使语气: 表示说话人的倡议、请求、邀请、命令等。如: Open the door, please。请打开门。

　　(3)虚拟语气: 表示动作或状况不是客观存在的事实，而是谈话人的主观欲望、假设或揣摩等。如: If I were you, I should study English. 如果我是你，我就学英语了。May you succeed! 祝你成功！

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　　二、虚拟语气在条件从句中的用法

　　条件句有两类，一类是真实条件句，一类是虚拟条件句。如果假设的情形是有可能发生的，就是实在条件何。在这种真实条件句中的谓语用陈说语气。如: If it doesn't rain tomorrow, we will go to the park. 如果来日不下雨，咱们就去公园。

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　　如果假设的情况是过去或现在都不存在的，或未来不大可能发生的，则是虚拟条件句。如: If he had seen you yesterday, he would have asked you about it. 如果他昨天见到你，他会问你这件事的。(事实上他昨天没见到你，因此也未能问你这件事。)

　　在含有虚拟条件句的复合句中，主句和从句的谓语都要用虚拟语气。现将虚拟条件从句和主句的动词形式列表如下:

　　从句主句

　　与当初事实相反动词的过去式（be的过去式个别用were） would/ should/ could/ might + 动词原形

　　与过去事实相反 had + 过去分词 would/ should/ could/ might + have + 过去分词

　　与将来事实相反动词过去式，should + 动词原形，were to + 动词原形 would/ should/ could/ might + 动词原形

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　　注: 主句中的should只用于I、we，但在美国英语中，should常被would代替；从句中的should 可用于各种人称。内容来自

　　l、表示与现在事实相反的假设和成果。如: If my brother were here, everything would be all right. 要是我哥哥在这儿，所有都没问题了。 CopyRight .com

　　 2、表示与从前事实相反的假设跟结果。如: If you had taken my advice，you wouldn't (couldn't) have failed in the exam. 如果你按照我的倡导去做，你一定不会(不可能)考试不迭格。

　　 3、表示与将来事实可能相反的假设和结果。如: If it were Sunday tomorrow, I should (would，could，might) go to see my grandmother. 如果明天将来是星期天，我就 (可能)去探访我奶奶。If it were to snow this evening, they would not go out. 如果今晚下雪，他们将不出去了。

　　 4、有时前提从句中的动作跟主句中的动作产生的时间不一致（表现错综时间的虚拟语气），这时动词的情势要根据它所表示的时光加以调解。例如: If you had listened to the doctor, you would be all right now. 假如你当初听了医生的话，身体当初就好了。(从句动作指从前，主句动作指现在) 内容来自

　　5、虚拟条件句可以转换成下列形式:

　　(l)省略连词if。在书面语中，如果虚构条件从句中有were，had 或 should，可能把if省略，把这多少个词放到主语之前，构成主谓倒装。例如: Should he come (If he should come), tell him to ring me up. 他要是来了，让他给我打个电话。Were I you (If I were you), I would not do it. 我要是你，就不做这事。 CopyRight .com

　　 (2)用介词短语取代条件状语从句。有时假设的情况并不用条件从句表示出来，而是通过介词短语来表示。如: Without air (If there were not air), there would be no living things. 如果不空气的话，就不会有生物了。But for your help (If it hadn't been for your help) I couldn't have done it. 要是不你的帮助，我就不可能完成这件事。

　　假设的情况有时可以通过高下文或其余方式表示出来。如: I was busy that day. Otherwise I would have gone there with them. (If I hadn't been busy that day, I would have gone there with them.) 我那天很忙，否则，我就和他们一起去那儿了。(如果我那天不忙的话，我就……)；I would have finished the work, but I have been ill. (If I hadn't been ill, I would have finished the work.) 我本来该实现这项工作的，但我生病了。(如果我没生病的话，我就会实现……) CopyRight .com

　　6、省去条件从句或主句：表示虚拟语气的主句或从句有时可以省略，但其含意仍能够推知。内容来自

　　(1)省去条件从句。如: You could have washed your clothes yourself. 你本可以自已洗衣服的。省去了"If you had wanted to")(事实是:你自己没洗衣服，由于你不想洗。) CopyRight .com

　　(2)省去主句(常用以表示愿望)。如: If my grandmother were with me! 如果我的祖母与我在一起多好啊!(事实是:祖母已不在世。)；If only she had not left! 如果她没走就好了!(事实是:她已经走了。)

　　三、虚拟语气的其余用法

　　l、虚拟语气在主语从句中的用法：在"It is important (strange，natural，necessary)that…"这类句型里，that所领导的主语从句中的谓语动词常用 "should十动词原形"结构，表示某事是"主要"、"奇怪"、"自然"、"必要"等意思。如: It is important that every member (should) inform himself of these rules. 重要的是每个成员知道这些规则。

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　　2、虚拟语气在宾语从句中用法：

　　(1)在动词wish后的宾语从句中，表示与现在或过去的事实相反，或对将来的主观愿望，从句通常省略连词that。1)表示对现在情况的虚拟:从句动词用过去式或过去进行式(be动词畸形用were)。如: I wish I knew the answer to the question. 我渴望知道这个问题的答案。(可惜不晓得)；2）表示对过去情况的虚拟:从句动词常用"had十过去分词"。如: I wish (wished) I hadn't spent so much money. 我后悔不该花那么多钱。(实际上已经花掉)；3)表示对将来的主观愿望:谓语动词形式为"would十动词原形"。此时要留心，主句的主语与从句的主语不能雷同，因为主句的主语所冀望的从句动作是否实现，取决于从句主语的态度或意愿(非动物名词除外)。如: I wish it would stop raining. 但愿雨能停止；I wish you would come soon. 但愿你即时来。内容来自

　　 (2)在suggest，demand，order，propose，insist，command，request，desire等动词后的宾语从句中，谓语动词用"should + 动词原形"，表示提议、恳求、命令等。如: I demand that he (should) answer me immediately. 我请求他破刻答复我。 CopyRight .com

　　3、虚拟语气在状语从句中的用法

　　(1)在带有even if/ even though勾引的让步状语从句的主从复合句中，主句和从句都用虚拟语气，动词形式与含有非切实条件句的虚拟语气相同。如: Even if he had been ill, he would have gone t his office. 即使生了病，他俩去办公室。

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　　 (2)由as if或as though引诱的状语从句表示比较或方式时。从句谓语形式为动词的过去式(be用were)或 "had十过去分词"。如: He treated me as if I were a stranger. 他那样对待我，似乎我是陌

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　　生人似的。She talked about the film as if she had really seen it. 她念叨那部影片，就仿佛她确实看过一样。

　　注:如果表示的事件可能会发生，那么方法状语从句中的谓语动词可用陈述语气。

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　　(3)在in order that或so that引导的目的状语从句中，谓语动词多用 "could或might（有时也用should）+ 动词本相"。如: Mr green spoke slowly so that his students could (might) hear clearly. 格林先生说得很慢，好让学生听清楚。

　　 4、虚拟语气在定语从句中的用法：在"It is time (that) …"句型中，定语从句的谓语动词常用虚拟语气表示将来，动词形式一般用过去式，意思是"该干某事的时候了"。如: It's (high) time we did our homework. 咱们该做作业了。

　　5、虚拟语气在简单句中的用法

　　(1)情态动词的过去式用于现在时态时，表示谈话人的谦虚、客气、有礼貌，或委婉的语气，常见于日常会话中。如: It would be better for you not to stay up too late. 你最好别太晚睡觉。

　　(2)在一些习惯表白中。如: I would rather not tell you. 我甘心不告诉你。

　　(3)用"may + 动词原形"表示"庆祝"、"但愿"，此时may须置于句首（多用于正式文体中）。如：May you be happy!祝你快乐！May good luck be yours.祝你顺利。

　　练习、虚拟语气

　　1. If I ____ where he lived, I ____ a note to him.

　　 A. knew, would B. had known, would have sent

　　C. know, would send D. knew, would have sent

　　2. If they ____ earlier than expected, they ____ here now. 内容来自

　　 A. had started, would be B. started, might be 内容来自

　　 C. had started, would have been D. will start, might have been

　　3. I didn't know his telephone number. ____ it, I ____ then. 内容来自

　　 A. Had I known, would ring him up B. Should I know, would have rung him up

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　　 C. If I knew; would ring him up D. Had I known; would have rung him up

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　　4. Mary is ill today. If she _____ , she ____ absent from school.

　　 A. were not ill; wouldn' t be B. had been ill; wouldn't have been

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　　 C. had been ill; should have been D. hadn't been ill; could be CopyRight .com

　　5. Were I to do it, I ________ it some other way.

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　　 A. will do B. would do C. would have done D. were to do

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　　6. I ________ him the answer ________ possible, but I was so busy then. CopyRight .com

　　 A. could tell; if it had been B. must have told; were it 内容来自

　　 C. should have told; had it been D. should have told; should it be

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　　7. Without your help, we________ so much.

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　　 A. won ' t achieve B. didn ' t achieve

　　 C. don't achieve D. wouldn't have achieved 内容来自

　　8. You didn't take his advice. ________ his advice, you ________ such a mistake.

　　 A. Had you taken; wouldn't have made B. If you had taken; would make

　　 C. Were you lo take; shouldn t have made D. Have you taken; won t have made

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　　9. We wish we ____ what you did when we were at high school. 内容来自

　　 A. did B. could have done C. have done D. should do

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　　10. She wishes she ____ to the theatre last night.

　　 A. went B. would go C. had gone D. were going

　　11. Tom is very short now. His mother wishes that he ________ be tall when he grows up.

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　　 A. could B. should C. would D. were able to 内容来自

　　12. My sister advised me that I ________ accept the invitation.

　　 A. could B. must C. should D. might

　　13. He asks that he ________ an opportunity to explain why he's refused to go there.

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　　A. is given B. must give C. should give D. be given

　　14. Do you think of Wang Fang's suggestion that he ________ Mr. Li to the party?

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　　 A. will invite B. have invited C. is invited D. invite

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　　15. I insisted that he ________ at once.

　　 A. be gone B. go C. would go D. might go

　　16. Li Ming insisted that he ________ anything at all.

　　A. hadn ' t stolen B. shouldn ' t steal C. doesn ' t steal D. steal

　　17. It is quite natural that my coming late again ________ them very angry.

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　　 A. had made B. would make C. makes D. make

　　18. He acted as if he ________ everything in the world.

　　 A. knew B. knows C. has known D. won't know

　　19. Read it aloud so that I ________ you clearly.

　　 A. may hear B. will hear C. hear D. have heard

　　20. They got up early in order that they ________ they first train. CopyRight .com

　　 A. caught B. will catch C. might catch D. shall catch CopyRight .com

　　21. I am sorry that he ________ in such poor health. CopyRight .com

　　 A. are B. shall be C. were D. should be

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　　22. That is a good book. You ________ it yesterday.

　　 A. could buy B. should buy C. should have bought D. bought

　　23. It is high time we ________ home. 内容来自

　　 A. will go B. would go C. have gone D. went 内容来自

　　24. I ' d rather that you ________ home. CopyRight .com

　　 A. went B. have gone C. will go D. had gone

　　25. If only I _________ to the lecture!

　　 A. listen B. will listen C. am listening D. had listened

　　26. ---- If he_____ , he ______ that food. ---- Luckily he was sent to the hospital immediately. CopyRight .com

　　 A. was warned; would not take B. had been warned; would not have taken

　　 C. would be warned; had not taken D. would have been warned; had not taken

　　27.I didn' t see your sister at the meeting. If she _________, she would have met my brother.

　　 A. has come B. did come C. came D. had come

　　28. Without electricity, human life ________ quite different today.

　　 A. is B. will be C. would have been D. would be

　　29. He ________ you more help, even though he was very busy.

　　A. might have given B. might give C. may have given D. may give

　　30. If city noises _______ from increasing, people _______ shout to be heard even at the dinner table 20 years from now.

　　 A. are not kept; will have to B. are not kept; have to

　　 C. do not keep; will have to D. do not keep; have to CopyRight .com

　　31. Mike's father, as well as his mother, insisted that he ________ home.

　　 A. stayed B. could stay C. has stayed D. stay 内容来自

　　32. Mr. Smith insisted that he ________ the work all.

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　　A. had done B. have done C. did D. so

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　　33. Jane would never have gone to the party ________ that Mary would come to see her.

　　 A. has she known B. had she known C'. if she know D. if she has known

　　34. If you had enough money, what ________ ? 内容来自

　　 A. will you buy B. would you buy C. would you have bought D. will you have bought

　　35. If you ________ that film late last night, you wouldn't be so sleepy. CopyRight .com

　　 A. didn't see B. haven't seen C. wouldn't have seen D. hadn't seen

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　　36. Our monitor requested that ________.

　　A. all the class studied more carefully the problem

　　B. the problem was more carefully studied

　　C. with great care the problem could be studied CopyRight .com

　　D. all the class study the problem more carefully

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　　37. ---- Would you have called her up had it been possible?

　　---- Yes, but I ________. busy doing my homework..

　　A. was B. were C. had been D. would be

　　38. His tired face suggested that he ________ really tired after the long walk.

　　 A. had been B. was C. be D. should be

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　　39. It is important that we ________. CopyRight .com

　　 A. shall close the window before we leave B. will close the window before we leave

　　 C. must close the window before we leave D. close the window before we leave CopyRight .com

　　40. I didn't know his telephone number, otherwise I ______ him.

　　 A. had telephoned B. would telephone C. would have telephoned D. telephone

　　语法复习十：动词的语气--虚构语气

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　　1~5 BADAB 6~10 CDABC 11~15 CCDDB 16~20 ADAAC 21~25 DCDAD

　　26~30 BDDAA 31~35 DABBD 36~40 DABDC

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