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英语被动语态复习专题

线话英语|2015-05-11 16:23:59

  英语的谓语动词有两种语态:英语主动语态和英语被动语态。前者表示句子的主语为动作的发出者,后者表示句子的主语为动作的承受者。请比较:

 

 

  Tom broke the window. (主动语态) 内容来自

  ① ② ③

 

 

  The window was broken by Tom. (被动语态)

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  ③ ② ①

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  从以上比拟可以看出,主动句中的主语Tom在被动句中变成了短语by Tom,主动句中的宾语the window变成了被动句中的主语。由于被动句中的主语即主动句中的宾语,因此,只有及物动词才有被动语态。

  1 英语被动语态的构成

 

 

  被动语态的基本构成是:be + 从前分词。与自动语态一样,被动语态也有各种时态形式,列表如下(以动词ask为例):

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  时 间 一 般 进 行 完 成

  现 在 am/is/are asked CopyRight .com

  被问 am/is/are being asked 内容来自

  正在被问 have/has been asked CopyRight .com

  已经被问过 内容来自

  过 去 was/were asked

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  (过去)被问 was/were being asked

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  (过去)正被问 had been asked

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  (过去)已被问过

 

 

  将 来 shall/will be asked

 

 

  将要被问 1.英语被动语态的各种时态均由助动词be的变革构成。

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  2.英语被动语态的否定式和疑问式均由助动词或第一个助动词构成。 内容来自

  过去将来 should/would be asked 内容来自

  (过去)将要被问

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   2 常见的英语被动结构 内容来自

  下面,咱们采用对比的方式来介绍常见的被动结构,即使用被动语态的句子。 CopyRight .com

  2.1 SVO句型的被动结构 CopyRight .com

  SVO句型中的谓语为单宾及物动词,其被动结构是:S + V(被动式) (+ by短语)。

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  例如:He wrote the book two years ago. → The book was written by him two years ago.

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  这本书是他在两年前写的。 内容来自

  They are cleaning the house. → The house is being cleaned (by them). 房子正在被(他们)打扫。

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  You’re wanted on the phone. 有你的电话。 CopyRight .com

  16.2.2 SVoO句型的被动结构

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  16.2.3 SVoO句型中的谓语动词为双宾及物动词,其英语被动结构是:S + V(被动式) + O/o(保留宾语) (+ by短语)。

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  须要说明的是,普通把间接宾语(表现人)作为被动句的主语,而把直接宾语(表示物)作为保存宾语。如果把直接宾语作为被动句的主语,则间接宾语作为保留宾语,它的前面通常要用介词to或for(视动词而定)。例如:

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  My aunt gave me an apple. → *I was given an apple. / An apple was given to me.

 

 

  *有人给了我一只苹果。[被动句中省略了by my aunt。] CopyRight .com

  His mother bought him a new coat. → *He was bought a new coat. / A new coat was bought for him. 内容来自

  *有人给他买了一件新大衣。[被动句中省略了by his mother。] CopyRight .com

  2.3 SVOC句型的被动结构 内容来自

  SVOC句型中的谓语动词为复宾及物动词,其被动结构是:S + V(被动式) + C(主语补足语) (+ by短语)[1]。例如:

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  People usually call me Jim for short. → I am usually called Jim for short. 我常常被人直呼吉姆。

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  They asked Mike to write soon. → Mike was asked to write soon. 迈克被恳求尽快写信。

 

 

  He made the baby laugh. → The baby was made to laugh (by him). 那个婴儿被(他)逗笑了。 CopyRight .com

  [请比较前后两句中的划线单词,被动句中需要加上to。]

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  在被动句中作主语补足语的不定式一律要带to,不论其作宾语补足语时是否带to(请见以上各例句)。

  2.4 短语动词的英语被动结构 内容来自

  短语动词的被动结构是:S + V(被动式) + 介词/副词 (+ by短语)。例如: 内容来自

  We have sent for a doctor. → A doctor has been sent for. 已经派人去请医生了。

  I turned off the radio just now. → The radio was turned off just now. 收音机刚才(被)关掉了。

  They are taking good care of the children. → The children are being taken good care of.

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  孩子们正在受到良好的照顾。 CopyRight .com

  在将含有短语动词的自动句转换成被动句时,原短语动词中的介词或副词(如以上句中的for, off, of)不能遗漏。

 

 

  2.5 带情态动词的被动结构 CopyRight .com

  带情态动词的被动结构是:S + V(情态动词+主要动词的被动式) (+ by短语)。例如:

  You must do it at once. → It must be done at once. 这件事必须即时做。

  We can see the park from the window. → The park can be seen from the window.

  公园可能从窗户那里看到。

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  3 如何断定应用英语被动语态? CopyRight .com

  在我们做题过程中,如何断定使用被动语态?以下四条可供参考:

 

 

  ⑴ 句中含有by sb时,例如:The windows __________ (break) by those boys. 内容来自

  本句中含有by those boys,因此可以判断利用被动语态。谜底是:were broken。

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  ⑵ 句中含有with sth时,例如:The ground __________ (cover) with thick snow. 内容来自

  本句中含有with thick snow,因此可以判定使用被动语态。答案是:is covered。 内容来自

  ⑶ 主语后的及物动词缺少宾语时,例如:I __________ (tell) to come at once.

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  我们知道,tell的句型是tell sb to do sth。然而本句中tell的后面缺乏宾语,解释主语I是动词tell的动作对象,因此tell要用被动语态。答案是:was told。

 

 

  ⑷ 主语和谓语动词在逻辑上有动宾关系时,例如:English __________ (teach) in middle schools.

 

 

  本句中既不by sb,也不with sth,这时,就要分析句子的主语和谓语动词之间是否存在逻辑上的动宾关联。English不可能发出teach的动作,只能是teach动作的对象,它们之间存在着动宾关系,因此,tell要用被动语态。答案是:is taught。

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  以上四条中,前三条比较直观,而最后一条最为坚固。

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  被动语态在JEFC教材中直到第三册Unit 16—Unit 18(Lesson 61—Lesson 72)中才作为语法名目进行专 门训练,并经过整整三个单元共12课才华实现这一常识点的教养,可见被动语态的难度。 内容来自

  以上三个单元12课浮现的有关被动语态的语言常识可演绎如下:

  1.从时态上说,出现了畸形当初时和正常过去时中的被动语态,如: CopyRight .com

  It‘s used for cutting. It’s was made in China.

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  2.从句式上说,呈现了陈述句、个别疑难句、特殊疑难句中的被动语态,如: 内容来自

  English is spoken by many people. Were they built in 1860?

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  What‘s it made of? When was it founded? Where’s tea grown? 内容来自

  3.例句中出现的动词(或词组)有:

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  to be dug/founded /grown /harvested /kept /knocked /looked after/made [of]

  /picked/p lanted /produced /pusheddown/spoken/tied to/used [for]/watered 内容来自

  4.依据教材内容句子结构可以达到这样的复杂程度:It will beused as a tool by people in

 

 

  the wo rld in some days. 格式是:主语+情态动词+加be动词+过去分词+as/for 表示功 CopyRight .com

  用+动作实行者+方位 状语+时间状语。这一格局中某些成分可以省略或移位。

  怎么学习被动语态 英语动词被动语态在语法书上都有详略不同的交代,但大都着重它的形成形式,例证则往往不够。这种语态似乎在英语句子中比在汉语句子中更多涌现,这点是我国初学者所经常疏忽的。在某些句子中,英语老是用被动语态、而汉语则绝不能用,如:

  Shakespeare was born in 1564./Moliere was born in Paris.

 

 

  初学英语的人接触到这样被动语态的句子恐不免感到奇怪,因为我们在汉语中惯于说"生于某某年"或"某某年生","生于 CopyRight .com

  巴黎"或"在巴黎出生",素来不说一个人"被生出"。 CopyRight .com

  在另一些句子中,英语可用主动及被动两种语态,汉语则倾向于用主动,如:

  Everybody likes him./He is liked by everybody.

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  汉语"人人喜好他"看来比"他被人人爱好"更现成和自然。有人以为这有一个强调的问题,用作主语的词是加以强调的。即

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  令如此,按照英语结构写成的"他被大家喜欢"这样的句子,总是别扭。

 

 

  下面就十个类别,举出一些句子,阐明英语某些动词用于某一意义或在某一场合中常作被动语态。种别当然不能只是十个,这儿仅举常见的。每个类别下也只举五个句子,句子中的动词彼此不一样。为方便起见,句子首先采取大家熟知的 The Advanced CopyRight .com

  Learner's Dictionary of Current English(ALD),其次是 Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English(LDCE),必要时从其余英美书刊补充少数句子,但不注明出处。

 

 

  1.对于生病

 

 

  The left lung is affected. _____ALD

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  He is confined to the house by illness. ____ ALD CopyRight .com

  He was seized with sudden chest pains. ____LDCE

  He's been troubled with a bad back since he was a child. ____LDCE

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  John was Invalided out of the army.

 

 

  上面这些句子中被动语态在英语中很习惯化,如将动词改为主动语态,有不同水平的不顺。用汉语抒发这些句子中的同样的概

 

 

  念,就可以不一定用被动语态。

 

 

  2.关于疲乏困乏 内容来自

  He was doneup afterthe long ride. ALD

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  He was knocked uP after the longsteen climb. _____ ALD CopyRight .com

  He was almost fagged out. ______ ALD

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  I'm completely exhausted.____LDCE

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  I was spent with the fatigue of the voyage. CopyRight .com

  汉语说"累了"、"累垮了"极个别。如说因为某种原因而"累了"、"累垮了",至少在结构上不用被动语态。这跟第一类的例子是一致的。 CopyRight .com

  3.关于喜悦、兴奋

 

 

  I was delighted to hear the news of your success._____ALD

 

 

  We're very pleased to see you here._____ALD

 

 

  On hearing of the victory,the nation was transported with joy._____ALD 内容来自

  She was enchanted with the flowers you sent her. _____ALD CopyRight .com

  The children were fascinated by the toys in the shopwindows._____ ALD 内容来自

  汉语如说"被愉快",将不成文理,说"使……高兴"或"为……高兴",那也不能照英语被动语态去处理。事实上这头一句

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  话照汉语是"我高兴地听到……"这虽带点欧化,但目前也通行了。最常见的恐怕还是"听到……我高兴"。无论如何。汉语说"高兴",不能如英语那样用被动语态。 内容来自

  4.关于阻塞、延宕: CopyRight .com

  We're been held up by fog. _____ ALD

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  The mountain roads were obstructed by falls of rock._____ALD 内容来自

  The train was delayed two hours. _____ALD

 

 

  I was hindered from getting here.____ALD

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  The harbour was blocked by ice._____ALD

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  这第二句ALD英汉双解本译成"山路被落下石头所阻塞"。严格地说这句译文好像欠流畅,尤其不能用于书面语。当然,凡是阻力,总是外来的阻力,施于受事的主语,主语处于被动地位,但汉语不能采用英语的被动语态形式而完全不加变动。

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  5、对习惯

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  He is quite used to hard work.____ALD 内容来自

  This is not the kind of treatment I am accustomed to. _____ALD

 

 

  He is addicted to smoking. _____ALD

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  The old soldier was inured to danger. ____LDCE

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  He is given to long walks. _____LDCE 内容来自

  英语中有些动词,因为常用于被动语态,词典中对它们的分词(participle)形式另破专条著录,成为独立的词,其功能相当于形容词。以上例句中的动词就是典型的例子。例如,词典一般既有use这一专条(不定式动词),又有 used;既有 accustom,又有 accustomed;既有give,又有given。但如inure及addict,在 ALD上只注明"常用于被动"(usu.passive),尚未另破inured和 addicted专条,其余词典也大体是这样,诚然addicted还可以作为形容词,看成是独立的词条。然而不管这些词是否带有形容词的性质,在上面的句子中却存在被动语态的作用。

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  6.关于苦恼、心烦意乱

 

 

  He was annoyed to learn that the train would be delayed.____ALD

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  She is easily upset emotionally.____ALD

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  He was vexed at his failure. ____ ALD

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  He was disturbed to hear of your illness.______ALD CopyRight .com

  I felt harassed by all the work of the office._____LDCE 内容来自

  苦恼等感情当然是引起的,因此英语中的被动语态好像说明了是因为什么引起的,但要留心第一句She is easily upset emotionally.不必指出起因。 内容来自

  7.关于惊疑或震惊

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  I was astonished to see him there. ____ALD

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  I'm surprised he didn't come._____ALD

  He was shocked to hear his daughter swearing. _____ALD

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  He was startled to see him looking so ill._____ALD CopyRight .com

  He was astounded when he heard he had won._____ALD

  一个畸形的人无故不会大惊小怪。然而我们说"吃惊"、"大吃一惊"或"使……吃惊"和"使……大吃一惊"等也就够了,不同于英语的被动表示形式。

  8.关于围绕、包围 内容来自

  His land is fenced with barbed wire.____ALD

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  Troy was besieged by the Greeks for ten years._____ALD

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  The troops were surrounded._____ALD

  The cliffedge is dangerous and should be railed._____LDCE

  Japan is compassed about by the ocean.____LDCE

 

 

  对以上第二句,第三句中举五句,汉语是能够用"被包抄"这类说法的,但对第一句的"is fenced with,"如说"有篱笆围住"就行了,不必定要说"被用竹篱围住"。至于第四句中"should be railed",英语的被动语态在汉语中也难以表白。咱们通常说:应该用栏杆围起来",或"应当把它用栏杆围起来",而不是"应该被用栏杆围起来"。

 

 

  9.关于玷污、沾染

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  His reputation is tarnished._____ALD My car was mired. ____ ALD 内容来自

  The river was contaminated with water from the factory. ____ LDCE

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  Your fingers are stained with ink. That cheese is mildewed.

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  和第三句的contaminated意义近似的动词如pollute及 defile等,也常用于被动语态。我们说,"出污泥而不染",不是"……而不被染"。 内容来自

  10.关于惶惑、慌乱 CopyRight .com

  I was confounded to hear that. ____ALD

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  They sked so many questions that I got confused. _____ALD

 

 

  Tom was bewildered by the examination questions.____ALD

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  He was puzzled what to do next. ____ ALD

  The Cabinet Ministers are perplexed as to what to do. 内容来自

  以上可和第六跟第七两类联系起来看。

 

 

  综观以上的例子,我们觉得中国学生学英语不仅是要记住动词被动语态的情势,尤其要留意,在什么情况下,英语一定比汉语更常用被动语态;要留心哪些动词是这样用的,哪些动词虽有各种不同用法,但专指某一特别意思时一定用被动形式。有些特殊被动语态,几乎习语化了,也是不可忽视的,如下面两个句子:

 

 

  My hints were lost upon him.___ ALD

  My advice was thrown away upon him.___ALD

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  下面这类以it开头的英语被动语态,初学者不会使用的大有人在,甚至语言死板,并违反英语习惯。

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  It is observed that… It may be observed that…

 

 

  It will be observed that… It remains to be observed that…

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  如斯等等。他们只知说We may observe that…之类,由于这与汉语构造濒临。 内容来自

  短语动词的英语被动语态 

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  英语中的英语被动语态由助动词be加及物动词的过去分词构成。有些短语动词在意思上相称于及物动词,因此也可构成被动语态。

  短语动词被看成一个整体,是固定词组,所以构成被动语态时不可分开。其被动语态构成措施与普通的及物动词的被动语态的构

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  成方法相同。如:

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  1.动词+介词

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  He will be operated on by the best surgeon. 他将由最好的外科医生给他着手术。 Right .com

  2.动词 + 副词 内容来自www,英语学习网站. .com

  These problems have been seriously thought over. 这些问题已得到认真考虑。

 

  3.动词+副词+介词

  These privileges should be done away with. 此类特权应该被取消。 CopyRight .com

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  4.动词+名词+介词

  The children have been taken good care of. 这些孩子得到了很好的照料。

线话英语:www.linewow.com

英语被动语态

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